Ethiopia

For Addis Ababa, using Djibouti's port for trade is not enough; it wants its own sovereign access to international waters. However, this first needs the consent of suspicious neighbours.

Cairo hopes that by helping the Americans establish relations with Egyptian allies in the region, it will be better placed to deal with the threats posed by Addis Ababa

The regional rivals aren't just fighting over freshwater supplies. Cairo sees Addis Ababa's bid for Red Sea access as part of a wider fragmentation strategy.

Is Washington's intention genuine, or an attempt to slam the brakes on Cairo's growing assertiveness in Horn of Africa politics and debilitate its hard-won leverage?

Addis Ababa has finally inaugurated the long-awaited and much-touted GERD—Africa's biggest dam—leaving Egypt and Sudan worried about the impact on their water supply downstream

As Addis Ababa stands to benefit from electricity and revenues, it reassures downstream nations that the $4bn river barrier is an opportunity, not a threat. That's not the view from Cairo.

A deal to give Ethiopia commercial Red Sea access in return for its recognition of Somali territorial integrity has been brokered by Ankara to much acclaim. Where does that leave Egypt?

Tension in the Horn of Africa is not new, but the rivalry between Cairo and Addis Ababa has escalated, as Ethiopia forges ahead with projects that threaten Egypt's national security

Egypt is betting that its military presence near the Ethiopian border may succeed where diplomacy has failed

An Egyptian minister warns Ethiopia it will "pay" for any harm done to Egypt's water security, stoking speculation that the long-running clash over its GERD dam will spark a water war