Pipelines

Infrastructure projects are opening new ways for the country to strengthen its economic presence across the continent

Ankara wants to be a regional energy hub, while Israel seeks deeper integration into Europe's emerging energy system. Will Europe choose or the other, or a combination, to meet its energy needs?

With maritime traffic in the critical waterway severely disrupted, interest in alternative routes grows. But the same constraints persist.

Pipelines have a chequered history in the Middle East, but the closure of the Strait of Hormuz has led US Tom Barrack to conclude that a new route through Syria could solve some problems.

With Iran's effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz, alternatives for Gulf energy transit are being sought. Could the Saudi landmass straddling two seas be bridged for the benefit of all?

As a route for Gulf energy exports, nothing can fully replace the Strait of Hormuz, which remains closed by Iran, but a Saudi port city on the Red Sea could hold some of the answers.