A trio of global flashpoints have two familiar faces in common

Russia and Iran are behind conflict hotspots in Syria, Azerbaijan, and Ukraine. All three are interlinked, revealing the complexity of the new geopolitics

A trio of global flashpoints have two familiar faces in common

The world’s crises are increasingly interconnected, but three flashpoints in particular are uniquely intertwined: Syria, Azerbaijan, and Ukraine. Why? Because of the involvement of Russia and Iran.

Russia has had a military presence in Syria since intervening there in support of President Bashar al-Assad in 2015. It now uses that presence to project power in the eastern Mediterranean. Around the same time, Iran’s main regional proxy, Hezbollah, also intervened militarily to support Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Ever since, Iranian ‘advisors’ have been in Syria, just north of Tehran’s No.1 enemy: Israel. In short, both Russia and Iran are active there.

Implications of Maysaf

Syria was the subject of a significant military operation last week, with Israeli special forces attacking a Syrian military compound in the Hama countryside. This may have changed the calculus. Reports suggest that the target was a missile factory in Masyaf. It marks a departure from the hundreds of air strikes Israel has carried out in recent years against “Iranian sites and organisations”.

What made it particularly notable was the target’s proximity to two major Russian military installations: an air base in Latakia and a naval base in Tartus. This means that it was well within the operational range of Russia’s advanced missile defence systems, particularly the S-400. So, either the Israeli operation was conducted with Moscow’s tacit approval, or else the Israelis slipped past Russia’s best technology.

Either way, the implications are significant for Iran, which sees Damascus as an ally. Any Russian collusion with Israel in Syria would be viewed dimly in Tehran. In either scenario, the implications are significant for Iran, which sees Damascus as an ally. Any Russian connivance with Israel in Syria would be viewed dimly in Tehran.

Either the Israeli operation was conducted with Moscow's tacit approval, or it slipped past Russia's best technology. Either way, it's bad news for Iran.

Azerbaijan opening

Another potentially pivotal development unfolded shortly after Russian President Vladimir Putin's visit to the Azeri capital, Baku. Russia agreed to create, in effect, a direct land connection between Turkey and Azerbaijan, extending to the Caspian Sea. It will connect Azerbaijan to the Nakhchivan region through the Zangezur corridor.

Opening the way for this would be a peace treaty between the Azeris and the Armenians, two neighbours with a tense past. Until a year ago, the Azeri region of Nagorno-Karabakh had been governed by ethnic Armenians, but that arrangement ended in September 2023, and Moscow now supports a peace deal between the two feuding states.

This development has strategic implications, particularly for Iran. Turkish-Azeri links intensify Tehran's geopolitical isolation by severing its direct connection with Armenia, a key ally in the region. Tehran's reaction has been angry, with official protests, critical commentary, and Russian envoys summoned. Iran's leading newspaper, Ettela'at, said the Russians "not only abandoned their stance but claimed they would address Iran's concerns… this suggests Moscow has made its decision, leaving Iran with no choice but to accept it".

In effect, Russia's move disrupts Iran's regional influence and further constrains its strategic options, exacerbating tensions between Moscow and Tehran.

Together over Ukraine

Despite Iranian-Russian tensions in Syria and Azerbaijan, Tehran is helping Moscow in its war in Ukraine, most notably with the provision of Iranian drones, that have done a lot of  damage to Ukrainian energy infrastructure.

Despite Iranian-Russian tensions in Syria and Azerbaijan, Tehran is helping Moscow in its war in Ukraine

Now, the US and UK think that Iran is preparing to deliver ballistic missiles to Moscow for use in Ukraine. In response, Western capitals are weighing up whether to let Ukraine use their missiles to strike deep into Russian territory.

US President Joe Biden is worried that this could escalate the conflict with Moscow, with Putin having already threatened retaliation if Russia is attacked by Western missiles, yet Biden's caution is also influenced by domestic politics, given the impact on Vice President Kamala Harris's chances of winning November's presidential election.

Although US-Russian tension is nothing new, what is currently atching analysts' eyes is the increasingly complex nature of Moscow's relationship with Tehran. While the pair cooperate on Ukraine, their goals diverge on Syria and Azerbaijan.

This complex dance between Russia and Iran reflects the shifting dynamics not just of their relations or of the regional dynamic but of a world in transition, as the old order gives way to the new... and all that that entails.

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