These powers viewed the disintegrating Ottoman Empire as the "sick man of Europe and pursued their own ambitions for its territory. That undermined Wilson's vision for a more just and inclusive post-war order.
Mapping a new world order
But the process of redrawing the map of Europe and the Middle East was underway.
While the Treaty of Versailles usually receives the most attention due to its establishment of the League of Nations, based on Wilson's ideas about international peace, other treaties like Sèvres and Lausanne indirectly impacted the Arab world through their involvement in reshaping Turkey's borders.
That followed the victory of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in the country's War of Independence.
Turkey: Kurdish troops (cavalry).
The Paris Conference also had far-reaching implications beyond these well-known treaties. It paved the way for various agreements aimed at perpetuating the war's outcomes throughout Europe and the Middle East.
The Treaty of Locarno included a German pledge not to engage in further wars. The Treaty of Neuilly had Bulgaria relinquishing lands it had previously taken from Turkey, returning them to Greece.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain effectively dissolved the Austro-Hungarian Empire by separating Austria from Hungary. The Treaty of Trianon significantly altered the map of Hungary to the advantage of its neighbours.
The Paris Conference and the ensuing treaties were ambitious attempts to ensure the world had just fought the war to end all wars, remaking the global map and its political and diplomatic order.
It didn't work.
The groundwork was inadvertently laid for future conflicts. Many of the treaties signed with defeated countries were vengeful.
This was especially true for the Treaty of Versailles. Historians now widely agree that this treaty aimed to humiliate Germany and punish it for its role in causing the war, but its authors failed to consider the long-term consequences of their actions, contributing to the seeds of future hostilities.
The irony lies in how the efforts to achieve lasting peace inadvertently set the stage for further geopolitical tensions and conflict in the years to come.
Like Versailles, the Treaty of Sèvres also suffered from shortsightedness. The handing over of vast areas of Anatolia and the occupation of Istanbul without considering the aspirations of the Turkish people eventually led to the outbreak of the Turkish War of Independence.
While the subsequent Treaty of Lausanne did restore some consideration to Turkey, it still restricted the country's territorial claims and tacitly accepted the Sykes-Picot agreement, in which France and Britain divided the Arab East between themselves.