Ali Makki on balancing Saudi culture with its modern aspirations

In an interview with Al Majalla, the Saudi journalist explains how his country is advancing without compromising its values and that younger and older generations each have an important role to play

Axel Rangel Garcia

Ali Makki on balancing Saudi culture with its modern aspirations

In his new book, Saudi writer and journalist Ali Makki revisits a collection of interviews he conducted with numerous Arab writers, poets, and intellectuals over more than three decades. There are over 20 conversations in Secularists and Islamists – Debates in Arab Culture. They go back to his early career in 1990 at the daily newspaper Okaz and run up to the present day, covering literature, art, politics, and religion in engaging and thought-provoking discussions.

Some interviews are shocking, including a fierce encounter with Syrian writer and critic Kamal Abu Deeb, who declared: “I am not humble; what you say is nonsense, and I will obliterate history.” For his part, Bahraini intellectual Mohammed Jaber Al-Ansari, a professor of Islamic civilisation studies and contemporary thought, told Makki that “ideologies detached from reality will perish.” And about a year before his passing, Palestinian translator Saleh Almani reminisced about his early passion and shared his dream of establishing a translation institute.

Makki also revisits interviews with prominent Arab journalists— such as Lebanese writer Samir Atallah, dubbed “the last guardian of the daily column"—as well as novelists and poets. Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi shares his experiences with writing, life, imprisonment, and Gulf and Nabati poetry. Egyptian novelist Ibrahim Abdel Meguid, an interviewee in the book, also attended a discussion inspired by it held in Cairo.

Makki, a media professor at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, has had a passion for writing since high school, where he used to write sports articles for Saudi Arabia’s Al-Riyadiyah newspaper—his first article was published in 1988. He has worked at several Saudi and Arab newspapers and magazines throughout his career, but he considers Okaz his first home. In a wide-ranging interview with Al Majalla, he talks about his book and shares his insights about culture, art and current affairs in Saudi Arabia. Below is the full interview:


'Secularists and Islamists – Debates in Arab Culture' book cover

Your book prominently features poets. Does this suggest there is a fledging poet inside of you, as the famous poet Mahmoud Darwish once suggested?

This focus was unintentional. It just so happened that I attended two back-to-back Arab poetry festivals in 1997 and 1998 in Cairo and Tunis. Most attendees were poets, along with a select group of critics, intellectuals, and Arab thinkers. I won’t deny that poetry has captivated me since childhood. I grew up immersed in The Mu’allaqat during my school years and was deeply enamoured with Al-Mutanabbi.

But chance played a role, as the poet Ibrahim Zawli was our close neighbour, and our house was practically adjacent to his. Despite him being several years older, we became friends, and this fuelled my interest in and exposure to poetry.

Through his library, I read the works of Al-Bardouni, Elia Abu Madi, Omar Abu Risha, Mahmoud Darwish, Samih Al-Qasim and many others—may they all rest in peace. I am forever grateful to Zawli for acquainting me with the world of culture and literature and for his unwavering support.

As for Mahmoud Darwish’s comment about seeing a poet in me, it was such a compliment! I won’t deny that I’ve dabbled in both classical and colloquial poetry, but those attempts remain confined to a private notebook that only a handful of close friends have seen.

Young people help drive Saudi Arabia's transformation through their passion and openness, while older generations contribute with depth and experience

Your book features only one woman, compared to around 25 male figures. Is there a reason for this?

Your question seems to imply that I intentionally excluded women, which is not the case. At the time, I interviewed figures such as the Syrian poet Lina Al-Taybi and the Saudi short story writer Fawziya Al-Hamid, among others. These interviews could very well be included in the book's second volume.

I submitted the manuscript, which initially contained 48 interviews, to Jadawel Publishing, but it was reduced to half that number, with the remaining names postponed for a second volume later on.

As for Dr. Ebtehal Al-Khateeb, the sole female figure included, her interview is worth ten others. The depth of her insights, the richness of her arguments, and her bold, thought-provoking perspectives make her contribution invaluable.

Has anyone ever refused to answer specific questions during interviews? How did you handle such situations?

This hasn't happened often, perhaps once or twice at most. The objection was never due to embarrassment or discomfort with a question but rather because the guest felt their response wouldn't add value to the overall conversation.

That said, I have encountered instances of misunderstanding with some guests. I recall asking certain individuals sensitive questions, some of which touched on the opinions or theories of their friends. They would respond candidly, but upon finishing, a few would surprise me by saying, 'This stays between us and is not for publication.'

Nevertheless, I would publish it—not out of betrayal or defiance, but because I approached them as a journalist, not as a friend. I was conducting a formal interview, not a private conversation. I admit this approach caused some rifts with some individuals, but I don't regret it. I felt I stayed true to myself and my profession in those moments.

Saudi Arabia's cultural renaissance goes beyond entertainment; it is an investment in national identity and the future

What is one question you wished you had asked a guest but either forgot or didn't get the chance to?

I honestly can't recall any. However, there was one interview I conducted that was never published. In the winter of 1997, I met the late Mamdouh Adwan in Cairo. He hosted me in his high-rise hotel at the Ramses Hilton and offered me the finest milk he had brought from Damascus. I conducted an intriguing interview with him but, tragically, lost the tape recording, along with several books he and others had gifted me. Losing that interview felt like losing a part of myself. It was truly devastating.

After studying the personality and cultural or literary works of the person you are interviewing how do you go about forming your questions? And what was the most challenging interview you have conducted in your career?

Engaging with a cultural or literary figure requires extensive preparation to ensure the questions are engaging enough to spark a rich and fruitful dialogue. To craft the best questions, one must have a comprehensive understanding of the personality and work of the interview subject.

Questions should be diverse and avoid confrontational connotations. They should also be open-ended to encourage interviewees to think and expand on their answers rather than give brief responses. An especially important point is considering the cultural and social context of the interviewee, ensuring that the questions align with their environment and respect their cultural background.

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Arabic newspapers on display at a shop in Mecca

How do you view the role of national media in public affairs, specifically Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, and what challenges does it face?

National media has a great responsibility when covering Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, but this also comes with a unique set of challenges. It needs to be up-to-date and well-equipped with modern technology, and it must collaborate with civil society organisations and research institutions, especially to attract younger audiences who consume most of their news through digital platforms. And in an era fraught with fake news, it must remain vigilant.

Saudi Arabia has recently witnessed a cultural and artistic renaissance. Has it made an impact?

Saudi Arabia's recent cultural and artistic renaissance is a defining pillar of Vision 2030. We can already see its cultural, economic, and political impact on citizens' daily lives with the hosting of global festivals and events. This transformation has elevated Saudi Arabia's status as a global culture hub, where it has become a melting pot of diverse cultures. This cultural renaissance goes beyond entertainment; it is an investment in national identity and the country's future.

Does this impact manifest differently across different age groups? Has your experience working at the university and particularly engaging with youthshaped your understanding of this?

Its impact can be seen across different age groups, but it's especially evident among the youth. Young people are helping drive this transformation through their passion and openness, while older generations contribute with depth and experience. This synergy helps build a balanced future, ushering in change and progress while also preserving national identity. 

Achieving this balance requires a comprehensive strategy involving all sectors, including education, media, culture, and society. Saudi Arabia is showing the world how a country can balance deep-rooted traditions with modern aspirations.

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