The late British journalist and writer Patrick Seale encapsulated Syria's complex political history with three memorable phrases, including "The Struggle for Syria," "Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East," and "The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East."
Seale viewed Syrian history through the prism of two distinct phases: before and after Hafez al-Assad became president.
Prior to his tenure, Syria was a battleground for regional and international conflicts. However, under al-Assad's leadership, Syria transformed into a regional power with significant influence in neighbouring countries and the wider region.
Al-Assad pursued peace through direct and indirect negotiations with Israel — a "struggle" that would define Syria's foreign policy for years.
Intricate web of alliances
The attendance at al-Assad’s funeral 23 years ago reflected the intricate web of alliances and relationships he had established. The funeral drew representatives from America, Russia, and Europe, as well as from Iran, Turkey, and Arab nations.
The gathering brought together both allies and opponents of Arab regimes. While the event showcased Syria's external role, it also demonstrated the high stakes involved, with each team vying to win Syria over to their side and secure the allegiance of the new president, Bashar al-Assad.
