US envoy to Syria Tom Barrack said little that Arabs had not heard before. When he described the peoples of the region as tribes and denied their political entities the dignity of statehood, he merely repeated what many in the Middle East have long acknowledged: that the Sykes–Picot Agreement produced states through arbitrary borders drawn by minor British and French officials.
Barrack’s remarks may contain a measure of truth, insofar as they reflect the fractured social fabric of the region and its chronic political and economic stagnation. Yet these are not insights that require foreign diplomats to articulate. The Middle East, as Barrack put it, begins with the individual, then the family, the village, the tribe, the community, and religion. Only at the end of this chain does the idea of the state appear.
Writers from the region have grappled with this reality for centuries, tracing its origins at least as far back as Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt in 1798, when the contrast between French military organisation and the decay of Mamluk rule first became apparent.
The question “Why has the West advanced while we have fallen behind?” has preoccupied Arab intellectuals since the 19th century. Prince Shakib Arslan posed it most famously in his treatise Why Did Muslims Fall Behind While Others Progressed?, where he offered unsparing critiques of Arab and Muslim societies.