Jordan at a crossroads: political tension at home, unrest abroad

The Muslim Brotherhood was banned in April, but its political wing remains popular and restive. How will the state square that circle while enacting structural reforms and navigating crises nearby?

Jordan at a crossroads: political tension at home, unrest abroad

In the Jordanian capital of Amman, what analysts say on local satellite talk shows and what they share candidly in the city’s private evening salons can be two different things. With more questions than answers, there is anxiety in the city. Politically, things seem calm, but there is a fundamental and underlying tension, as if the state were quietly edging towards big, momentous decisions.

Prime Minister Jaafar Hassan’s government is technocratic, data-driven, and sustained by an unusually high level of public patience, but in parliament there are theatrics, not least from the Islamic Action Front (IAF), the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood which, on 23 April, was banned as an “illegal organisation,” after 80 years of operating in Jordan. That followed the arrest, by security services, of individuals suspected of planning rocket and drone attacks.

Despite all the talk of reform, Jordan’s political parties remain paralysed, unable to evolve into meaningful vehicles for change, while all about them the situation calls for action. In southern Syria, peace is fragile at best, while the occupied West Bank teeters on the brink.

In the background, King Abdullah II has travelled abroad privately, fuelling rumours that there will be changes to the state’s security and military apparatus. Will it be a genuine recalibration of the Jordanian state, or just enough to weather the regional storm?

Health and rail

Despite the apparent coherence of its economic messaging, Jaafar Hassan’s government remains politically vulnerable, relying primarily on Royal trust and tentative hopes for deferred economic relief. In having to undo the often misguided decisions of its predecessors, it risks unsettling entrenched interests and further eroding confidence in the overall consistency of state action.

Prime Minister Jaafar Hassan's government is technocratic, data-driven, and sustained by an unusually high level of public patience

Its structural reforms to-date have been positive, particularly in the health sector. A landmark agreement with the King Hussein Cancer Centre broadens health insurance, marking a pivotal shift in the nation's public healthcare philosophy. It addresses long-standing administrative and financial inefficiencies that have plagued essential medical services for decades, but more importantly, it reimagines the state's responsibility when it comes to illness and care—an issue most governments have thus far avoided.  

Another major initiative being overseen by Hassan and developed in coordination with specialised regional partners is the national railway project. This could herald sweeping social, economic, and urban change across Jordan. Part of a wider regional framework involving Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the UAE, the new rail links would be strategic corridors for trade and connectivity, positioning Jordan as a vital hub in the emerging economic architecture of a reshaped Middle East.

Jordan's Islamists

Although Jordan's parliament is currently suspended due to a constitutional requirement, parliamentarians' views still carry weight, and the concept of parliament still resonates within the broader security context, particularly amid ongoing investigations into the banned Muslim Brotherhood and the IAF, which may also soon be banned, having had its offices raided recently.

The state appears to be proceeding cautiously, knowing that the IAF retains strong support, but some think these recent moves signal a major change in the state's relationship with the Islamist bloc. For now at least, the IAF continues with its dual approach of institutional participation and populist 'street discourse,' particularly during the Gaza conflict. This allows it to mobilise popular support by tapping into regional crises that resonate deeply with the public.

The state appears to be proceeding cautiously, knowing that the Islamic Action Front retains strong support

Sources close to state decision-making circles indicate that there are some big decisions coming up. This has left the IAF in a state of ongoing uncertainty. Several prominent party figures say its legitimacy has been eroded. One senior member said an internal election could be held to officially sever ties with the Brotherhood, though how such a process would be managed remains unclear.

Balancing act

This tiptoeing exemplifies an underlying state policy: keeping channels of civilian dialogue open, while cracking down on extremist movements. Islamist parliamentarians remain active via regional media outlets and social platforms which, while carefully moderated, aims to provoke official responses without crossing red lines.

How long the state can accommodate the Brotherhood's political wing while banning the group itself remains to be seen. Meanwhile, questions abound. Is there some undisclosed understanding between the authorities and the Islamist movement? What are the implications of these developments for the broader political reform agenda? Is there momentum behind amending the political parties law? And if continued IAF participation becomes untenable, could early elections be on the horizon? Time will tell. 

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